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   "label": "Acquisition",
   "value": "Purchased by Enriqueta Rylands in 1901 from James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford. Bequeathed by Rylands to the John Rylands Library in 1908."
  },
  {
   "label": "Title",
   "value": "Zhapu xiaojixiao Dešun zhi fumu"
  },
  {
   "label": "Date of Creation",
   "value": "1835"
  },
  {
   "label": "Data Source(s)",
   "value": "Description based on Zheng Yaying and John B.W. Deane, <i>Handlist of the Chinese Collections in the John Rylands University Library of Manchester <\/i> (1991), revised and expanded by Johannes S. Lotze."
  },
  {
   "label": "Alternative Title(s)",
   "value": "乍浦驍騎校德順之父母; Translated title: [To the] Father and Mother of Dešun, Lieutenant of Zhapu [garrison]"
  },
  {
   "label": "Language(s)",
   "value": "Classical Chinese and Manchu"
  },
  {
   "label": "Physical Location",
   "value": "The John Rylands Library"
  },
  {
   "label": "Extent",
   "value": "1 scroll (zhou 軸) in 1 box (he 盒). height: 33 cm, width: 250 cm."
  },
  {
   "label": "Classmark",
   "value": "Chinese Crawford 460"
  },
  {
   "label": "Subject(s)",
   "value": "Multilingualism"
  },
  {
   "label": "Abstract",
   "value": "<p style='text-align: justify;'>In the Qing empire, officials routinely issued documents in Manchu and Chinese. This scroll is an example of such a document, a certificate to the parents of a successful army officer named Dešun. The scroll is in excellent shape and has a wooden roller. It is a good example of the professional multilingualism of the Qing as well as the significance of its military.<\/p><p style='text-align: justify;'> The Manchu text in the middle of the scroll reads: japu i funde bošoku \u2018the lieutenant from Zhapu garrison\u2019; doro eldengge i tofohoci aniya juwan biyai juwan \u2018[Emperor] Daoguang 15, 10th month, 10th [day]\u2019; dešun i ama eme \u2018the father and mother of Dešun\u2019. (Many thanks to Alice Crowther for providing these careful readings and translations.)<\/p><p style='text-align: justify;'> Note that one should not assume that such bilingual texts mirror one another more or less verbatim; they might be two different versions directed towards different audiences.<\/p>"
  },
  {
   "label": "Bibliography",
   "value": "<div style='list-style-type: disc;'><div style='display: list-item; margin-left: 20px;'><a target='_blank' class='externalLink uom-purple' href='https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/154872057.pdf'>Elliott, Mark C., \u2018The Manchu-Language Archives of the Qing Dynasty and the Origins of the Palace Memorial System\u2019, <i>Late Imperial China<\/i> 22, (2001) 1-70.<\/a><\/div><\/div><br />"
  },
  {
   "label": "Format",
   "value": "Scroll"
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   "label": "Associated Person(s)",
   "value": "Crawford, James Ludovic Lindsay, Earl of, 1847-1913"
  },
  {
   "label": "Date of Acquisition",
   "value": "1901"
  }
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